| PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE |
Postdoctoral Research Assistant, Nottingham University,
Nottingham, UK, 1980-82
Development Scientist, Oxford Research Systems, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK,
1982-83
Senior Development Scientist, Oxford Research Systems/Bruker, Abingdon,
Oxfordshire, UK, 1983-86
Lecturer in Physics, Nottingham University, England 1986-1989
Professor of Physics (Tenured), Oakland University, Rochester, MI 1989-1993
Co-Director of NMR Research, Neurology Department, Henry Ford Hospital,
Detroit, MI, 1989-1993
Joel Professor of Physics Applied to Medicine, University College London,
1994 onwards.
Director of The Wellcome Trust High Field MR Research Laboratory, 1999
onwards.
Honorary Senior Fellow, Institute of Neurology, London, 1996 onwards.
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| RESEARCH |
In 1977 I joined Professor Sir Peter Mansfield's group involved in the
construction of the world's first whole body NMR scanner. Initially, we could
not scan live patients or volunteers, however, we were able to scan a tumorous
breast following mastectomy, and thus show the relaxation time differences
between normal and tumorous tissue. Some of the first images of live volunteers
were later produced on this machine.
The main research topic for my Ph.D. thesis was high speed imaging. The
echo planar technique had been proposed earlier by Professor Mansfield,
however, there had been little success in implementing this method. My initial
theoretical simulations of the method confirmed theoretical difficulties and
resulted in modifications of echo planar imaging (EPI) which formed the basis
of a patent.
In 1978, I started to construct the equipment required for this experiment,
and presented the first undistorted EPI images at the 1980 meeting of the
British Radio Spectroscopy Group. Improvements in 1980/81 enabled me to obtain
the first reasonable images of human limbs, and rabbits. By rapidly repeating
the experiment, I was able to produce the first MRI movie images of a beating
rabbit hearts.
In 1983, I joined Oxford Research Systems, which produced the first NMR
spectrometer dedicated to obtaining spatially localized in-vivo NMR
spectroscopy. After incorporating an MR imaging capability into the system, I
investigated several methods for accurate spatial localization of the NMR
spectroscopic signal. My first attempt simply allowed the localized region to
be imaged using the same RF coil as used for spectroscopy (a surface coil).
This triggered the use of high resolution surface coil imaging for studying
body extremities and was rapidly exploited by MR manufacturers (first images
were presented by myself at the Second Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society
of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1983). I then developed, patented and
published a spin echo method of spatial localization using a
90°-180°-180° sequence with three selective pulses. The same
method was later published by Bottomley et al, and has become known as the
"PRESS" method. However, Bottomley had patented the technique a few
days before the priority date on my patent application. The next approach I
developed, which was more suitable for 31P (phosphorus) NMR spectroscopy,
involved the cancellation of unwanted signals outside the volume of interest
using a sequence of experiments. The Image Selected In-vivo Spectroscopy (ISIS)
method remains a popular method of spatial localization.
In the period 1984-86 I was involved with the development in Oxford of the
Bruker Biospec spectrometer. Many of these systems have been installed in
leading research centers around the world and some continue to produce
worthwhile data. During this period, I developed a method for the correction of
the effect of gradient-induced eddy currents based on the subtraction of a
time-varying phase angle from the MR signal. This method has now become an
integral part of many current MR machine designs.
In 1986 I continued my research into high speed imaging as a lecturer in
Physics at Nottingham University. After technological improvements and further
modifications of the EPI method (2 further patents), this method began to
produce remarkably detailed snap shot images of the human body in a fraction of
a second. In this period, myself and co-workers developed many variations of
EPI including the first single-shot volumar imaging method, named echo-volumar
imaging (EVI), EPI using 180 degree RF pulse trains, zonally magnified EPI and
use of EPI to measure flow in real-time. The EPI method started to find
application in studies of the human fetus in-utero, and dynamic studies of the
gastro-intestinal tract. The first real-time movie images from a single cardiac
cycle by NMR were also obtained.
In 1989 I was appointed with dual positions in the Neurology Department of
Henry Ford Hospital (HFH), Detroit and the Physics Department, Oakland
University, Rochester, MI, USA. The focus of my research was to apply MR
imaging and spectroscopy to study disorders of the brain. I was involved with
the installation of a 3 Tesla/80 cm bore magnet in the main building of HFH
(using 50 tons of iron shielding). This location enabled severely ill patients
to be studied without compromising clinical care. A major part of my research
involved the study of evolving stroke damage in an animal model (middle
cerebral artery occlusion in rat brain). The evolution of stroke damage was
followed chronically for the first time in an animal model using
diffusion-weighted MRI, magnetization transfer contrast MRI, and standard
relaxation-weighted MRI. Comparisons were made with histopathology following
sacrifice in order to establish the optimum MRI method for quantification of
acute stroke damage.
Research involving human subjects at HFH used spatially localized in-vivo
phosphorus NMR spectroscopy to measure the metabolic status of brain in Stroke.
Human stroke was also studied by diffusion-weighted MRI using a novel technique
that I developed for correction of subject motion. This involved the collection
of Navigator-echo signals that enabled subject motion to be subtracted from the
diffusion-weighted MR signal. This method has found widespread application in
other laboratories. I also studied Parkinson's Disease (PD) through the
increase in iron content of the substantia nigra, and its associated effect on
magnetic susceptibility as visualized in heavily T2*-weighted MR images. This
study showed considerable promise as the first diagnostic imaging test for PD
using MRI.
At UCL, I have continued my research interests in MR imaging and
spectroscopy by improving radio-frequency (RF) slice definition using FOCI RF
pulses, which greatly improves techniques such as ISIS and the measurement of
regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) in brain. Another notable finding at UCL
has been the discovery of cerebral water diffusion anisotropy in gray matter in
neonatal brain, which has now confirmed by others. The methodologies of
diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI have also been further improved and
applied to animal models of brain ischaemia.
Currently, the main goal of my research is to continue to develop NMR
methods to measure metabolism, rCBF, diffusion, and T2* contrast with
increasing focus on studying brain disorders in adults and newborn infants. In
particular, I am establishing a new laboratory, with the installation of a
whole-body 4.7 Tesla MR system (the highest field system currently in Europe),
where the focus of the research will be application of T2*-weighted MRI to
study brain function, through the effects of blood deoxygenation.
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PATENTS
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P1. "Nuclear magnetic resonance methods", Ordidge RJ and
Mansfield P, US Patent 4,509,015. Comment: Echo planar imaging with non-linear
sampling.
P2. "Methods and apparatus for obtaining localised NMR spectra",
Ordidge RJ and Gordon R, US Patent 4531094. Comment: PRESS NMR spatial
localisation technique.
P3. "Method and apparatus for obtaining localised NMR spectra",
Ordidge R, US Patent 4714883. Comment: ISIS NMR spatial localisation technique.
P4. "Improvements in or relating to NMR imaging", Mansfield P,
Ordidge RJ, Howseman A and Guilfoyle D, UK Patent application No. 8819067.3.
Comment: 3D volume imaging using echo planar imaging.
P5. "Improvements in or relating to NMR spectroscopy and MRI
imaging", Ordidge RJ, US Patent No. 4,906,932. Comment: Outer volume
suppressed ISIS using noise pulses (OSIRIS).
P6. "Improvements in or relating to echo planar imaging systems",
Ordidge RJ, Mansfield P and Coxon R, European patent application No.
88304244.2. Comment: Zonally localised echo planar imaging.
P7. "Improvements in or relating to NMR imaging systems", Ordidge
RJ, Bowley RM and McHale G, UK patent application no. 8809956.9. Comment:
Multiple-cube ISIS.
P8. "Echo planar imaging using 180° pulses", Mansfield P,
Ordidge RJ and Guilfoyle D, International Publication Number WO 91/02263.
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SELECTED PAPERS
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Publications from 2004 onwards are listed below.
Pell GS, Lewis DP, Ordidge RJ, Branch CA: TurboFLASH FAIR imaging with optimized inversion and imaging profiles. Magn Reson Med 51(1): 46-54 (2004).
Makela HI, De Vita E, Grohn OH, Kettunen MI, Kavec M, Lythgoe M, Garwood M, Ordidge R, Kauppinen RA: B0 dependence of the on-resonance longitudinal relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1rho) in protein phantoms and rat brain in vivo. Magn Reson Med 51(1): 4-8 (2004).
Wang JJ, Deichmann R, Turner R, Ordidge R: 3D DT-MRI using a reduced-FOV approach and saturation pulses. Magn Reson Med 51(4): 853-857 (2004).
Priest AN, Carmichael DW, De Vita E, Ordidge RJ: Method for spatially interleaving two images in halve EPI readout times: Two Reduced Acquisitions InterLeaved (TRAIL). Magn Reson Med 51(6): 1212-1222 (2004).
Thomas DL, De Vita E, Roberts S, Turner R, Yousry T, Ordidge RJ: High-resolution Fast Spin Echo imaging of the human brain at 4.7 T: Implementation and sequence characteristics. Magn Reson Med 51(6): 1254-1264 (2004).
West DA, Valentim LM, Lythgoe MF et.al.: MRI image-guided investigation of regional signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 activation in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 127(2): 333-339 (2004).
Iwata O, Devita E, O’Brien F et.al.: Delayed hypothermia is neuroprotective in moderate, but not severe, perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury. Pediatr Res 56(3): 118 (2004).
Shanmugalingam S, Thornton JS, Iwata O et.al.: Non-invasive cerebral temperature mapping by proton spectroscopic imaging. Pediatr Res 56(3): 236 (2004).
West DA, Iwata O, De Vita E et.al.: Secondary energy failure in a model of hypoxis ischaemic brain injury assessed by serial phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy, water apparent diffusion and electrophysiology: A pilot study. Pediatr Res 56(3): 269 (2004).
Iwata O, Bainbridge A, West D et.al.: Comparison of ADC values with neuronal necrosis in a piglet model of hypoxia-iscaemia. Pediatr Res 55(4): 172 Part 2 Suppl. S (2004).
Iwata O, Bainbridge A, Thornton J et.al.: Relationship between brain temperature and pattern of brain injury following hypoxia-ischemia: Relevance to selective brain cooling. Pediatr Res 55(4): 3309 Part 2 Suppl. S (2004).
Lythgoe MF, Thomas DL, King MD et al.: Gradual changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient of water in selectively vulnerable brain regions following brief ischemia in the gerbil. Magn Reson Med 53(3): 593-600 (2005).
Thomas DL, De Vita E, Deichmann R, Turner R, Ordidge RJ: 3D MDEFT imaging of the human brain at 4.7T with reduced sensitivity to radiofrequency inhomogeneity. Magn Reson Med 53(6): 1452-1458 (2005).
Wang JJ, Deichmann RE, Hsiao IT, Liu HL, Wai YY, Wan YL, Turner R, Ordidge R: Selective averaging for the diffusion tensor measurement. Magn Reson Imag: 23 (4): 585-590 (2005).
Kinchesh P, Ordidge RJ: Spin-echo MRS in humans at high field: LASER localization using using FOCI pulses. J Magn Reson. 175(1):30-43 (2005).
135. Iwata O, Thornton JS, Sellwood MW, Iwata S, Sakata Y, Noone M, O’Brien FE, Bainbridge A, De Vita E, Raivich G, Peebles D, Scaravilli F, Cady EB, Ordidge R, Wyatt JS, and Robertson NJ: Depth of Delayed Cooling Alters Neuroprotection Pattern after Hypoxia-Ischemia. Ann Neurol 58:75–87 (2005).
Carmichael DW, Priest AN, De Vita E and Ordidge RJ: Common SENSE (sensitivity encoding using hardware common to all MR scanners): A new method for single-shot segmented echo planar imaging. Magn Reson Med; 54(2): 402-410 (2005).
Edwards MB, Ordidge RJ, Hand JW, Taylor KM and Young IR: Assessment of magnetic field (4.7 T) induced forces on prosthetic heart valves and annulopasty rings. J Magn Reson Imaging, 22(2): 311-317 (2005).
Utting JF, Thomas DL, Gadian DG, Helliar RW, Lythgoe MF and Ordidge RJ:
Understanding and optimizing the amplitude modulated control for multiple-slice continuous arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med. 54(3): 594-604 (2005).
Afidi SK, Lee L, Bainbridge A, Thomas DL, Kinchesh P, Turner R, Kaube H, Ordidge RJ, Goadsby PJ: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in migraine with persistent aura. Cephalgia 25(12): 1195-1196 (2005).
Thomas DL, Lythgoe MF, van der Weerd L, Ordidge RJ, Gadian DG. Regional variation of cerebral blood flow and arterial transit time in the normal and hypoperfused rat brain measured using continuous arterial spin labeling MRI.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Feb;26(2):274-82 (2006)
Priest AN, De Vita E, Thomas DL, Ordidge RJ.EPI distortion correction from a simultaneously acquired distortion map using TRAIL. J Magn Reson Imaging.;23(4):597-603 (2006).
Thomas DL, Lythgoe MF, Gadian DG, Ordidge RJ. In vivo measurement of the longitudinal relaxation time of arterial blood (T1a) in the mouse using a pulsed arterial spin labeling approach. Magn Reson Med. ;55(4):943-7 (2006).
O'Brien FE, Iwata O, Thornton JS, De Vita E, Sellwood MW, Iwata S, Sakata YS, Charman S, Ordidge R, Cady EB, Wyatt JS, Robertson NJ. Delayed whole-body cooling to 33 or 35 degrees C and the development of impaired energy generation consequential to transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the newborn piglet. Pediatrics. ;117(5):1549-59 (2006).
Wiersma J, Deichmann R, Ordidge R, Turner R: Removing the effects of CSF partial voluming on fitted CBF and arterial transit times using FAIR, a pulsed arterial spin labeling technique. MAGMA 19(3) 115-23 (2006).
Carmichael DW, Thomas DL, De Vita E, Fernandez Seara MA, Chhina N, Cooper M, Sunderland C, Randell C, Turner R Ordidge RJ. Improving whole brain structural MRI at 4.7 Tesla using 4 irregularly shaped receiver coils. Neuroimage: 32(3): 1176-84 (2006).
Shanmugalingham S, Thornton JS, Iwata O, Bainbridge A, O’Brien FE, Priest AN, Ordidge RJ,, Cady EB, Wyatt JS, Robertson NJ: Comparative prognostic utilities of early quantitative magnetic resonance imaging spin-spin relaxometry and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 118(4): 1467-1477 (2006).
Parton A, Nachey P, Hodgson TL, Mort D, Thomas D, Ordidge R, Morgan PS, Jackson S, Rees G, Husain M: Role of human supplementary eye field in the contro;l of saccadic eye movements. Neuropsychologia. 25 (2006).
Vita ED, Bainbridge A, Cheong JL, Hagmann C, Lombard R, Chong WK: Magnetic resonance imaging of neonatal encephalopathy at 4.7 Tesla: Initial experiences. Pediatrics. 13: (2006).
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